An allergy is a hypersensitive reaction to an antigen by the body. The antibody reacts with the antigen violently.
People with allergies are oversensitive to foreign materials like dust, pollen grains, some foods, some drugs and some air pollutants. Allergic reactions lead to production of histamine by the body.
Histamine causes swelling and pain. Allergic reactions can be controlled by avoiding the allergen and administration of anti-histamine drugs.
Understanding Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions occur when the immune system responds abnormally to a foreign substance (allergen) that is typically harmless to most people. Common allergens include pollen, pet dander, food, insect stings, and medications.
Symptoms
Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe. Symptoms may include:
- Mild Reactions:
a. Sneezing
b. Itchy, watery eyes
c. Rash or hives
d. Nasal congestion
2. Moderate Reactions:
a. Difficulty breathing
b. Swelling of the face, lips, or throat (angioedema)
c. Abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting
3. Severe Reactions (Anaphylaxis):
a. Severe swelling and difficulty breathing
b. Rapid or weak pulse
c. Dizziness or fainting
d. Loss of consciousness
Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment with an epinephrine injection and emergency medical attention.
Common Allergens
- Food Allergens:
a. Peanuts
b. Tree nuts
c. Shellfish
d. Milk
e. Eggs
f. Wheat
2. Environmental Allergens:
a. Pollen (from trees, grasses, and weeds)
b. Dust mites
c. Mold spores
d. Pet dander
3. Insect Stings:
a. Bees
b. Wasps
c. Hornets
4. Medications:
a. Penicillin and other antibiotics
b. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of allergies typically involves:
- Medical History:
a. Detailed history of symptoms and potential triggers
2. Physical Examination:
a. Examination of affected areas (e.g., skin, respiratory system)
3. Allergy Testing:
a. Skin Prick Test: Small amounts of suspected allergens are introduced to the skin.
b. Blood Tests: Measurement of specific antibodies (e.g., ImmunoCAP, RAST).
Treatment
- Avoidance:
a. The best way to manage allergies is to avoid known allergens.
2. Medications:
a. Antihistamines: Relieve mild symptoms like sneezing and itching.
b. Decongestants: Reduce nasal congestion.
c. Corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation (available as nasal sprays, inhalers, or oral medications).
d. Epinephrine: Used for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis.
3. Immunotherapy:
a. Allergy shots (subcutaneous immunotherapy) or sublingual tablets can help reduce sensitivity to allergens over time.
Prevention
- Environmental Control:
a. Use air purifiers to reduce indoor allergens.
b. Keep windows closed during high pollen seasons.
c. Use hypoallergenic bedding and clean regularly to reduce dust mites.
2. Dietary Caution:
a. Carefully read food labels and avoid cross-contamination.
b. Inform restaurants and food service providers about food allergies.
3. Medical Alert:
a. Wear a medical alert bracelet if you have severe allergies.
b. Carry an epinephrine auto-injector if you are at risk of anaphylaxis.
Allergic reactions are immune responses to allergens that can range from mild to life-threatening.
Identifying triggers, avoiding allergens, and using appropriate treatments are key to managing allergies effectively. Always seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment plans.