BIOLOGY PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES

To examine Bryophyta

A mature moss plant is obtained.

1. The specimen is observed using a hand -lens.
2. A labelled drawing showing structures is made: rhizoids, set a capsule, gametophyte, sporophyte.

To examine Pteridophyta

1. A mature fern plant is obtained.
2. It is observed using a hand lens.
3. Sori can be seen on the lower side of fronds.
4. A labelled drawing showing: frond, pinna, sorus, rhizome and adventitious roots.

To examine Spermatophyta

A mature twig of either cypress or pinus with cones is obtained.

1. Observation of Male and female is made using a hand-lens.
2. The naked seeds are noted.
3. The leaves show xerophytic characteristics e.g. they are rolled, or needle-like.

A mature bean plant with pods is obtained,

1. Observation of the leaves, stem and roots is made.
2. Leaves are compound, broad arid have network of veins.
3. The Ieaf-has a leaf stalk.
4. They have a tap root system.
5. Floral parts are in five e.g. 5 petals.
6. A bean seed has two cotyledons.

A mature maize plant is obtained.

1. Observation of the leaves, stems and roots is made.
2. Leaves are simple, narrow and long with parallel veins.
3. The petiole is modified to form a leaf sheath.
4. They have a-fibrous root system.
5. Floral parts are in threes.
6. A maize gram has one cotyledon,

Examination of Arthropoda

1. Specimens of crayfish, millipede, centipede grasshopper and spider are obtained.
2. Where specimens are not available photographs are used.
3. External features of the specimens are observed.

The differences in the following are noted:

1. Body parts.
2. Other appendages.

Examination of Chordata

The following specimens are obtained:

1. Tilapia, frog, Lizard, bird and rabbit.
2. Using observable features each specimen is placed into its class.

Features used include:

1. Body covering.
2. Type of teeth.