CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chemical industry is define as one that uses chemistry to make chemicals from other chemical substances (raw materials) The important raw materials used in chemical industry include (i)… Read More »APPPLIED CHEMISTRY
HYDROCARBON AND CRUDE OIL Hydrocarbon are very simple organic compound composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon only. The sources of hydrocarbons are coal, natural gases and petroleum. Hydrocarbon can be… Read More »HYDROCARBONS
H2CO3 is formed when CO2(g) is dissolved in water. H2CO3 is a weak dibasic acid. It forms two series of salts: Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) Acidic hydrogen trioxocarbonate (iv) Normal trioxocarbonate… Read More »TRIOXOCARBONATE (iv) ACID
COAL Coal is an impure form of carbon. Coal is a complex mixture of compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with small amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus… Read More »COAL AND FUEL GASES
CARBON (iv) OXIDE The percentage composition of carbon (iv) oxide in the atmospheric air is about 0.03% by volume while in dissolved air is about 0.50% by volume. Laboratory preparation… Read More »OXIDE OF CARBON
OCCURRENCE OF CARBON It occurs naturally as diamond and graphite. It occurs in an impure form as coal. It occurs in the combined state as petroleum, wood and natural gases.… Read More »CARBON: OCCURRENCE, ALLOTROPES, USES & PROPERTIES
A base is a substance which will neutralize an acid to yield a salt and water only. Most oxide and hydroxide of metals are bases e.g. Na2O, K2O, MgO, NaOH,… Read More »BASES AND ALKALIS
Definition: An acid is substance which in aqueous solution produces hydroxonium ion (H3O+) or hydrogen ion (H+) as the only positive ion. Also, acids can be referred to as proton… Read More »ACIDS: CLASSES, BASICITY, PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular formula of CnH2n+1OH or ROH. The functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group. NOMENCLATURE The names of alkanols are… Read More »ALKANOLS
Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formula CnH2n-2.
Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence, they are chemically more reactive than the corresponding alkenes or alkanes.
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds. The multiple bonds can be double bonds e.gAlkenes or triple bonds e.gAlkynes. NOMENCLATURE… Read More »ALKENES I
The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their general molecular formula is CnH2n+2. Hence For n=1 CH4 Methane n=2 C2H6 Ethane n=3 C3H8 Propane n=4 C4H10 Butane n=5 C5H12 Pentane and so… Read More »ALKANES
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds with the exception of compounds such as carbon (II) oxide, carbon (IV) oxide the trioxocarbonate (IV).Carbon has unique ability to form numerous… Read More »INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
TITRATION There are two types of quantitative analysis namely: volumetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric analysis is based on volume measurement while gravimetric analysis involves direct mass measurement. Volumetric analysis… Read More »ACID/BASE REACTIONS
A mole is a number of particles of a substance which may be atoms, ions, molecules or electrons. This number of particles is approximately 6.02 x 1023 in magnitude and is known as Avogadro’s number of particles.
A solution is a uniform or homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solution = Solvent + Solute A solute is a dissolved substance which may be a solid, liquid… Read More »SOLUBILITY AND SOLUTIONS
Water is regarded as the universal solvent. It is a good solvent for many substances. SOURCES OF WATER The following are the sources of water: Natural water:Rainwater, Well water,… Read More »WATER
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE, H2S Hydrogen Sulphide is found in volcanic gases, Sulphur springs, coal gas and natural gas. LABORATORY PREPARATION Hydrogen Sulphide is prepared in the laboratory by the action of… Read More »COMPOUNDS OF SULPHUR
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE SULPHUR GROUP (GROUP VI ELEMENTS) The group VI elements include: Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium. Metallic property increases down the group. Oxygen and sulphur are… Read More »SULPHUR | USES, PROPERTIES, GROUP VI ELEMENTS
OXIDES OF NITROGEN NITROGEN (I) OXIDE, N2O Nitrogen (I) oxide is known as laughing gas as it causes uncontrollable laughter when inhaled. LABORATORY PREPARATION The gas is prepared in the… Read More »COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN