HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Meaning of menstruation

Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly, is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche. However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal.

The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days). Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days. Menstruation stops occurring after menopause, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding.

A lack of periods, known as amenorrhea, is when periods do not occur by age 15 or have not occurred in 90 days. Other problems with the menstrual cycle include painful periods and abnormal bleeding such as bleeding between periods or heavy bleeding. The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise and fall of hormones. This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus, and the growth of an egg, (which is required for pregnancy).

The egg is released from an ovary around day fourteen in the cycle; the thickened lining of the uterus provides nutrients to an embryo after implantation. If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is released in what is known as menstruation.

Menstrual hygiene and cleanliness

Choose your method of sanitation
Change regularly
Don’t use soap or any vigina hygiene product.
Wash yourself regularly
Use the right washing techniques
Discard your used sanitary product properly.
Beware of a pad rash
Use only one method of sanitation at a time.
Have a bath regularly.
Be ready with the on-the-go stuff during period.

Ovulation

Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the de Graaf’s follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells. After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg.

Signs of Ovulation

Check the calendar: Keep a menstrual calendar for a few months so you can get an idea of what’s normal for you — or use tools that can help you calculate ovulation. If your periods are irregular, you’ll need to be even more alert for other signs of ovulation, so read on.

Listen to your body: If you’re like 20 percent of women, your body will send you a memo when it’s ovulating, in the form of a twinge of pain or a series of cramps in your lower abdominal area (usually localized to one side — the side you’re ovulating from. Pay close attention, and you may be more likely to get the message.

Chart your temperature: That is, your basal body temperature, or BBT. Taken with a special thermometer , your BBT is the baseline reading you get first thing in the morning, after at least three to five hours of sleep and before you get out of bed, talk, or even sit up. Your BBT will reach its lowest point at ovulation and then rise immediately and dramatically (about a half a degree) as soon as ovulation occurs. Your BBT changes throughout your cycle as fluctuations in hormone levels occur. During the first half of your cycle, estrogen dominates. During the second half of your cycle (once ovulation has occurred), there is a surge in progesterone. Progesterone increases your body temperature as it gets your uterus ready for a fertilized, implantable egg. Which means that in the first half of the month, your temperature will be lower than it is in the second half of the month, after ovulation.

Get to know your cervix: One detectable sign of oncoming ovulation is the position of the cervix itself. During the beginning of a cycle, your cervix — that neck-like passage between your vagina and uterus that has to stretch during birth to accommodate your baby’s head — is low, hard, and closed. But as ovulation approaches, it pulls back up, softens a bit, and opens just a little, to let the sperm through on their way to their target. Some women can easily feel these changes, while others have a tougher time. Check your cervix daily, using one or two fingers, and keep a chart of your observations. The other cervical sign you can watch for is the appearance, increase in quantity, and change in consistency of cervical mucus (the stuff that gets your underwear all sticky). Its more noble purpose is to carry the sperm to the ovum deep inside you.

Buy an ovulation predictor kit: Ovulation predictor kits (OPKs) are able to pinpoint your date of ovulation 12 to 24 hours in advance by looking at levels of luteinizing hormone, or LH, which is the last of the hormones to hit its peak before ovulation actually occurs. All you have to do is pee on a stick and wait for the indicator to tell you whether you’re about to ovulate.

Another option is a saliva test, which takes a peek at levels of estrogen in your saliva as ovulation nears. When you’re ovulating, a look at your saliva under the test’s eyepiece will reveal a microscopic pattern that resembles the leaves of a fern plant or frost on a windowpane.

There are also devices that detect the numerous salts (chloride, sodium, potassium) in a woman’s sweat, which change during different times of the month. Called the chloride ion surge, this shift happens even before the estrogen and the LH surge, so these tests give a woman a four-day warning of when she may be ovulating, versus the 12-to-24-hour one that the standard pee-on-a-stick OPKs provide.

No OPK can guarantee that you will get pregnant or that you’re actually ovulating; they can only indicate when ovulation may be occurring. So no matter which device or method you choose, patience and persistence are key.

Fertilization and conception

After ovulation, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube and drifts along, brushed by waves of hairlike cilia toward the womb. The sperm will typically meet the egg in the lower quadrant of a fallopian tube and start to swarm around the egg.

The ovum is covered by a protective field known as the zona pellucida, and in order for fertilization to take place, sperm cells must find a keyhole (or receptor) to unlock the zona pellucida, gain entrance, and burrow their way to the oocyte, the genetic core of the ovum. Only one sperm will connect with the oocyte, precipitating genetic combination – signaling that fertilization has just taken place. .

At the moment of fertilisation, your baby’s genetic make-up is complete, including its sex. Since the mother can provide only X chromosomes (she is XX), if a Y sperm fertilises the egg, your baby will be a boy (XY); if an X sperm fertilises the egg, your baby will be a girl (XX). With fertilization, the ovum becomes the zygote or embryo and now passes through complex phases of cell division and differentiation.

You have just conceived! It’s often thought that fertilization and conception are synonymous with pregnancy. However, at this stage, the zygote is free-floating in the womb. In the “free floating” phase prior to implantation, cell differentiation takes place.

Here, some cells will become the fetus and other cells, in a surrounding halo or constellation, will become the trophoblast, comprising the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac. For pregnancy to be successfully achieved, however, the embryo must implant in the endometrium (hence the importance of a thick, vascular-rich uterine lining). The start of pregnancy from the first day of your last menstrual period is called the “menstrual age.

GENERAL EVALUATION

What is the meaning of menstruation?
State five menstrual hygiene and cleanliness
Define ovulation
State five signs of ovulation
Define ovulation
State five signs of ovulation

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

After ovulation, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube and drifts along, brushed by waves of —— e cilia toward the womb A. hairlike B. noselike C. thinlike D. all of the above
The ovum is covered by a protective field known as the—— A. zona pellucidal

zona C. pellucidal D. none

The start of pregnancy from the first day of your last menstrual period is called the——- A. menstrual age B. menstrual thin C. menstrual stage D. menstruation.
After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by——- A. sperm B. ovum C. egg D. all of the above
——– is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. A. Menstruation B. Menstrual stagnation