In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the different elements are held together by chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of […]
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chemical industry is define as one that uses chemistry to make chemicals from other chemical substances (raw materials) The important raw materials used in chemical industry include (i) air (ii) CaCO3 (iii) Sea water and rock salt (iv) Sulphur (v) Metallic mineral ore (vi) Coal (vii) Natural gas and petroleum. SOURCES OF
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HYDROCARBON AND CRUDE OIL Hydrocarbon are very simple organic compound composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon only. The sources of hydrocarbons are coal, natural gases and petroleum. Hydrocarbon can be divided into two main classes: Aliphatic hydrocarbon Aromatic hydrocarbon ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON They are further divided into three groups: Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. The Aliphatic
H2CO3 is formed when CO2(g) is dissolved in water. H2CO3 is a weak dibasic acid. It forms two series of salts: Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) Acidic hydrogen trioxocarbonate (iv) Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) Normal trioxocarbonate (iv) may be regarded as salts derived from H2CO3 by the complete replacement of the hydrogen by a metal or cationic
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COAL Coal is an impure form of carbon. Coal is a complex mixture of compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with small amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus as impurities. Carbonization of coal. Coal was formed by the gradual decomposition of plant vegetation under pressure and in the absence of air. Carbon (iv)
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OCCURRENCE OF CARBON It occurs naturally as diamond and graphite. It occurs in an impure form as coal. It occurs in the combined state as petroleum, wood and natural gases. It occurs in minerals such as limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3) It occur in the atmosphere (air) as CO2 It is an essential constituent of
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A base is a substance which will neutralize an acid to yield a salt and water only. Most oxide and hydroxide of metals are bases e.g. Na2O, K2O, MgO, NaOH, KOH e.t.c. An alkalis is a basic hydroxide which is soluble in water NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2. A basic oxide (or hydroxide) is a metallic oxide
CARBON (iv) OXIDE The percentage composition of carbon (iv) oxide in the atmospheric air is about 0.03% by volume while in dissolved air is about 0.50% by volume. Laboratory preparation Carbon (iv) oxide is prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute acids on a trioxocarbonate (iv) or a hydrogen trioxocarbonate (iv). Usually
Definition: An acid is substance which in aqueous solution produces hydroxonium ion (H3O+) or hydrogen ion (H+) as the only positive ion. Also, acids can be referred to as proton donor. CLASSES OF ACIDS There are two classes of acids: (1). Organic acids occur as natural products in plants and animal material. Organic acids
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It is often useful to follow chemical reactions by looking at changes in the oxidation numbers of the atoms in each compound during the reaction. Oxidation numbers also play an important role in the systematic nomenclature of chemical compounds. By definition, the oxidation number of an atom is the charge that atom would have if
NAMING OF BINARY COMPOUNDS Nomenclature: This is the system of naming chemical compounds. The system is called IUPAC (International union of pure and applied chemistry). The naming is determined by the constituent elements in the compound and the oxidation number if necessary. In naming binary compounds (compounds with only two elements), electropositive elements (cations) are
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ISOTOPE Isotopes Definition: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Examples: Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 protons). ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE
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Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space. It exists in three states namely: solid, liquid and gas. The fundamental difference between the three states of matter depends on the degree of movement of the particles they are made of. SOLID STATE The particles of a solid are tightly packed and held together by
DEFINITION OF LABORATORY A laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or research. It is a special facility where experiments are done and typically contains scientific equipment and apparatus. LABORATORY APPARATUS Laboratory apparatus refers to the various tools or equipment used by scientists working in the laboratory. Some common laboratory apparatuses
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ISOTOPE Isotopes Definition: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Examples: Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 protons). ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE
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Element Definition: A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. These are the first 20 elements, listed in order: 1 – H – Hydrogen 2 – He – Helium 3 – Li – Lithium 4 – Be – Beryllium
ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by ordinary chemical process. There are over one hundred known elements. SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS There are three ways in which symbols of elements are derived. From the first letter of the name of the element Element Symbols Hydrogen
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CONSTITUENTS OF AN ATOM Atoms are made up of sub-particles. Protons, electrons and neutrons. Proton has a positive charge, electron has a negative charge and neutron has no charge. Atomic number and mass number The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. Mass number or
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STANDARD SEPARATION TECHNIQUES The importance of separating a mixture into its constituents cannot be over emphasized since most substances are needed in their pure form. There are many standard separation techniques. Some of these separating techniques are filtration, centrifugation and decantation. Others include sieving, magnetic separation and sublimation, evaporation, crystallization, fractional precipitation, distillation, fractional distillation,
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ELEMENTS Element Definition: A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. These are the first 20 elements, listed in order: 1 – H – Hydrogen 2 – He – Helium 3 – Li – Lithium 4 – Be –
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