The group V elements include: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. There are more differences than similarities between the elements in this group. Nitrogen is a diatomic gas and does not exhibit allotropy. Phosphorus is a typical non-metal and exhibits allotropy. Arsenic and Antimony are metalloid; while bismuth is a metal. Nitrogen is a colourless […]
NITROGEN | USES, LABORATORY & INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION Read More »
Halogens (salt formers) are found in group VII of the periodic table. They are the most reactive nonmetals. They have seven valence electrons, they exist as diatomic molecules, and they are coloured and ionizes to form univalent negative ions. They form electrovalent compounds with metals. In the group are chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine and astatine.
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A mole is a number of particles of a substance which may be atoms, ions, molecules or electrons. This number of particles is approximately 6.02 x 1023 in magnitude and is known as Avogadro’s number of particles.
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Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds with the exception of compounds such as carbon (II) oxide, carbon (IV) oxide the trioxocarbonate (IV).Carbon has unique ability to form numerous organic compounds because it has ability to catenate. Catenation is the ability of atoms of an element to form bonds between its own atoms and
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Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular formula of CnH2n+1OH or ROH. The functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group. NOMENCLATURE The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in alkanes with “ol”. Example: Methanol – CH3OH, Ethanol – CH3CH2OH CLASSIFICATION The alkanols are classified based on the number
TITRATION There are two types of quantitative analysis namely: volumetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric analysis is based on volume measurement while gravimetric analysis involves direct mass measurement. Volumetric analysis is carried art using Titration. In titration, a standard solution (one of known concentration must be using be used to react with a solution of
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The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their general molecular formula is CnH2n+2. Hence For n=1 CH4 Methane n=2 C2H6 Ethane n=3 C3H8 Propane n=4 C4H10 Butane n=5 C5H12 Pentane and so on. There is no functional group in the alkane series. THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS In IUPAC nomenclature, every name of organic compound
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds. The multiple bonds can be double bonds e.gAlkenes or triple bonds e.gAlkynes. NOMENCLATURE The process of naming in alkenes is obtained by substituting “ane” in alkane with ‘ene’ e.g Ethane changes to Ethene, propane to propene LABORATORY
Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formula CnH2n-2.
Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence, they are chemically more reactive than the corresponding alkenes or alkanes.
A solution is a uniform or homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solution = Solvent + Solute A solute is a dissolved substance which may be a solid, liquid or gas. A solvent is a substance (usually liquid) which dissolves a solute. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Aqueous Solution: This is formed when a solute is
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Water is regarded as the universal solvent. It is a good solvent for many substances. SOURCES OF WATER The following are the sources of water: Natural water:Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne water and chlorinated water. TYPES OF WATER Water is of two types
THE NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS Before the beginning of eighteenth century, only a very few elements were known and it was quite easy to study and remember their individual properties. In 1800, only 31 elements were known. This number of elements grew to 63 by 1865. With the discovery of large number of elements
Balancing by Ion Electron or Half Reaction Method We are familiar with the balancing of chemical equations by inspection method. However, inspection method may not be useful for balancing the redox equations because in these equations, we have to keep in mind the conservation of charge as well as conservation of mass. The redox equations,
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Most of the properties of the elements such as atomic volume, atomic size, ionization enthalpy, electron affinity and electronegativity are directly related to the electronic configuration of the atoms. These properties undergo periodic variation with the change in the atomic number within a period or a group. These properties indirectly control the physical properties such
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The passage of electricity through the electrolytes in their molten or dissolved state can cause chemical changes under suitable conditions. For example, the passage of electricity through the acidified water results in the formation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The process of chemical decomposition of the electrolyte by he passage of electricity through its molten
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS OF SPECIFIED ELECTROLYTES Read More »
IONIC THEORY To account for the phenomena of electrolysis the Ionic Theory was put forward by Arrhenius in 1880. The theory states that electrolytes are made up of ions, which are built up in certain patterns called crystal lattice. When these substances dissolve in water, the structure is destroyed and the ions are set free
Charge flow during electrolysis The coulomb is the electrolytic unit of charge. A current of one ampere is the rate of flow of charge equal to one coulomb per second. The charge is calculated from the knowledge of the number of seconds for which a steady current is passed. Current in circuit Time taken Total
FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS AND CALCULATIONS Read More »
It is a well known fact that energy menifests itself in different forms which are interconvertible into one another. Among different forms of energy, the electrical energy plays a very significant role in our daily life. Many chemical transformations and industrial processes are based on electrical energy and its relationship with chemical energy. There are
The importance of electrochemical cells or galvanic cells lies in their ability to provide us with a portable source of electrical energy. We have already studied that indirect redox reaction is, primarily, the basis of all the electrochemical cells Quite often, we use the term battery to represent the arrangement of two or more galvanic
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When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte solution, the ions of the electrolyte undergo chemical changes at the respective electrodes. The chemical reaction carried out by passing electricity is called electrolysis. it is important that we familiarize ourselves with different terms that we are going to use to explain different phenomena. It is