SS 3 Chemistry (1st, 2nd & 3rd Term)

Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis involves acid base titration. Mole Ratio Mole ratio is the ratio of the reacting species.  This determines the ratio of the acid that would react with… Read More »VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

Identification of gases e.g CO2, SO2 and O2. Characteristics test for anions e.g SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,NO-3, Cl–, etc. The anions are negatively change ions examples of anions are SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,S2- etc.   Identification… Read More »Test for Anions

Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Test for carbons using H2S, NaOH and NH4OH, Confirmatory Test for the cat ions.   What is Qualitative Analysis? Qualitative analysis involves examination of colour, flame… Read More »INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Aluminum can be obtained as Kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO3.2H2O, cryolite. Na3AlF6, Corundum Al2O3 and mica K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2. NB: the main source of aluminum is bauxite Al2O3.2H2O Extraction Aluminum can be found in clay… Read More »METALS AND THEIR COMPOUND

Metals are found mixed with earthy materials as ores. Ores are often concentrated and converted to oxides before extraction Concentration of the ore can be  done by any of the… Read More »PRELIMINARY PREPARATION

The atoms of metals are held together in crystal lattice by metallic bonds Properties they are good conductors of electricity and heat high melting and boiling points they are malleable… Read More »METALLIC BONDING | FULL EXPLANATION

SIMPLE MOLECULES AND THEIR SHAPES Covalent Molecules e.g methane, diamond, crystalline solid – their network structure e.g diamond.   Simple Molecules and their shapes The factors that is  responsible for… Read More »SIMPLE MOLECULES AND THEIR SHAPES

Nuclear Reaction This is the spontaneous emission of radiation that involves the nuclei of radioactive element.   Nuclear Fusion This is the process in which two or more light nuclei… Read More »NUCLEAR REACTIONS

Nuclear Chemistry is an aspect of chemistry that deal with nuclei of atoms.  Radioactivity This is the spontaneous emission of radiation by radioactive element such as Thorium, Uranium etc.  Characteristics… Read More »Nuclear Chemistry

AMINES It has a functional group of NH2. GENERAL MOLECULAR FORMULAR/STRUCTURE It has a general molecular formula of RNH2 or structure of              R – N – H H PREPARATION: They… Read More »AMINES AND AMIDES

Carbohydrates are naturally occurring organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygenwith oxygen in the ratio 1:2 as in water.  The general molelcular formula of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y  or  CxH2yOy.  Carbohydrates… Read More »CARBOHYDRATES

NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Polymerisation (addition and condensation) plastics.    Thermosplastic and thermosetting polymers, resins.     Polymer is the final product, macromolecule of high molecular mars.  It consists of a… Read More »NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Sources, properties and uses detergents and soaps Structure, their mode and action. Fats and oils belong to a general group of compounds known as lipids. SOURCES Fats are solids that… Read More »Fats and Oils As Higher Esters

ALKANOATES General molecular formula, nomenclature,  preparation,  properties and uses.   SOURCES The alkanoic acid or carboxylic acids are also called fatty acids because some of them are found in natural… Read More »ALKANOIC ACIDS

SOURCES OF ALKANOLS –           From destructive distillation wood. –           From starchy food and sugar   General molecular formular Alkanol is a homologous series with general molecular formular of Cn H2n+1OH… Read More »ALKANOLS

Benzene: Benzene is a typical aromatic compound with molecular formula of C6H6.  It has the structure of: Preparation From coal tar: The destructive distillation of coal produced coal tar which… Read More »AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Alkynes are the  homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon  with a general molecular formua CnH2n-2. Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence,t hey are chemically more reactive than… Read More »ALKYNES

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds.  The multiple bond can be double bonds e.g Alkene or triple bonds e.g Alkyne.… Read More »Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – Alkenes

Saturated Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons consisting of  carbon chains with single bond between them  in which carbon joins with another carbon by single covalent bond e.g Alkanes ( like… Read More »Saturated Hydrocarbons