Metals are found mixed with earthy materials as ores. Ores are often concentrated and converted to oxides before extraction Concentration of the ore can be done by any of the following ways: washing away the earthy materials Froth- flotation (zinc ore): The ore is agitated (churned up ) with oil and water to form a […]
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Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Test for carbons using H2S, NaOH and NH4OH, Confirmatory Test for the cat ions. What is Qualitative Analysis? Qualitative analysis involves examination of colour, flame test, effect of heat and confirmatory test for cat ion and anions. Cations are metallic ions e,g Ca2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+, etc
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Aluminum can be obtained as Kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO3.2H2O, cryolite. Na3AlF6, Corundum Al2O3 and mica K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2. NB: the main source of aluminum is bauxite Al2O3.2H2O Extraction Aluminum can be found in clay and rocks, but due to their high silica content, they can not be used for extraction of aluminum. The extraction of aluminum is carried out
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NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Polymerisation (addition and condensation) plastics. Thermosplastic and thermosetting polymers, resins. Polymer is the final product, macromolecule of high molecular mars. It consists of a repeating units and its general molecular formula may be represented as [repeating units]n where n is a very large whole number. N.B:- All polymers are
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Sources, properties and uses detergents and soaps Structure, their mode and action. Fats and oils belong to a general group of compounds known as lipids. SOURCES Fats are solids that usually come from animals e.g. Tallow (mutton fat). Oils are liquids that come from plants e.g. vegetable oil, coconut oil etc. Both fat and oil
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SIMPLE MOLECULES AND THEIR SHAPES Covalent Molecules e.g methane, diamond, crystalline solid – their network structure e.g diamond. Simple Molecules and their shapes The factors that is responsible for the shape of simple covalent molecules are sharing of electron that leads to overlapping of two atomic orbital the central atom and their valence shell
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SOURCES OF ALKANOLS – From destructive distillation wood. – From starchy food and sugar General molecular formular Alkanol is a homologous series with general molecular formular of Cn H2n+1OH or ROH. Or (CnH2n+2O). Nomenclature The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in alkanes with “Ol” in alkanol e.g. methanol (CH3OH), ethanol
Saturated Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons consisting of carbon chains with single bond between them in which carbon joins with another carbon by single covalent bond e.g Alkanes ( like ethane C2H6, propane C3H8 ) H H HHH H – C C – H H – C – C – C – H
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Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis involves acid base titration. Mole Ratio Mole ratio is the ratio of the reacting species. This determines the ratio of the acid that would react with the base. Examples are H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O CaVa = ½ CbVb 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl +H2O + CO2 CaVa =
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Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formua CnH2n-2. Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence,t hey are chemically more reactive than the corresponding alkenes or alkanes. Examples are : H H – C = C – H HC – C = C- H [ Ethyne.
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds. The multiple bond can be double bonds e.g Alkene or triple bonds e.g Alkyne. Ethene2 .Ethyne H – C = C – H H – C = C – H H H. Alkenes e.gEthene Nomenclature The process of naming
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Carbohydrates are naturally occurring organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygenwith oxygen in the ratio 1:2 as in water. The general molelcular formula of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y or CxH2yOy. Carbohydrates are generally polydroxyl aldehydes, ketones or any compound that on hydrolysis yields any of the polyhydroxides. They are synthesized in green plants by photosynthesis.
ALKANOATES General molecular formula, nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses. SOURCES The alkanoic acid or carboxylic acids are also called fatty acids because some of them are found in natural fats and oils. They contain the functional group called carboxy group. NOMENCLATURE The IUPAC name of each homologue is obtained by changing the “-e”
Identification of gases e.g CO2, SO2 and O2. Characteristics test for anions e.g SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,NO-3, Cl–, etc. The anions are negatively change ions examples of anions are SO42-,SO32-,CO32-,S2- etc. Identification of Gases Gases identification H2 It gives a ‘pop’ sound when the gas is contact with a lighted splint. O2 It rekindles a glowing
The atoms of metals are held together in crystal lattice by metallic bonds Properties they are good conductors of electricity and heat high melting and boiling points they are malleable and ductile they ionize by loosing electrons Factors affecting the formation of metal strength The Valence Electrons Intermolecular Bonding This is the type of chemical
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Nuclear Reaction This is the spontaneous emission of radiation that involves the nuclei of radioactive element. Nuclear Fusion This is the process in which two or more light nuclei of elements combine together to form a heavier nucleus with release of both energy and radiation. This process is used to produce hydrogen bomb, it
Nuclear Chemistry is an aspect of chemistry that deal with nuclei of atoms. Radioactivity This is the spontaneous emission of radiation by radioactive element such as Thorium, Uranium etc. Characteristics of Nuclear Chemistry Spontaneously and continually emitting of radiation by radioactive element Temperature and pressure have no effect on radioactivity The radiation can pass through
Benzene: Benzene is a typical aromatic compound with molecular formula of C6H6. It has the structure of: Preparation From coal tar: The destructive distillation of coal produced coal tar which contain benzene From petreoleum; The dehydrogenated of alkane using valladim (v) oxide (v2O5) as catalyst at 500oC and 20 atmos give benzene C6H14 V2O2C6H6 +
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AMINES It has a functional group of NH2. GENERAL MOLECULAR FORMULAR/STRUCTURE It has a general molecular formula of RNH2 or structure of R – N – H H PREPARATION: They are derivatives of ammonia where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups e.g. RNHz, R2NH. CLASSIFICATION: Amines can