WATER

Water is regarded as the universal solvent.  It is a good solvent for many substances.

 

SOURCES OF WATER

The following are the sources of water:

1. Natural water:Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water
2. Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne water and chlorinated water.

 

TYPES OF WATER

Water is of two types namely: soft water and hard water. Soft water forms lather with soap easily while hard water does not form lather readily with soap since it contains some dissolved salt in it.

 

STRUCTURE OF WATER

In a molecule of water, H₂O, the central atom is Oxygen. Oxygen has the following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.

 

The valence shell of oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons (2s²2p²) and two unpaired electrons (2p_y¹2p_z¹). Each unpaired electron forms a covalent bond with an electron from a hydrogen atom. The water molecule has two lone pairs and two bond pairs of electrons in the valence shell of its central atom, thereby satisfying the octet rule for stability.

 

Ideally, the four electron pairs should be directed towards corners of a tetrahedron. However, when lone pairs of electrons is located near another lone pair, the repulsion between them is so great that they squeeze the other two bond pairs of electrons closer together. As a result, the bond angle in water is compressed to approximately 105^o, such that the structure of the water molecule is V-shaped or angular shape.

O

 

 

 

 

H                                 H

 

LABORATORY PREPARATION OF WATER

To prepare water in laboratory, dry hydrogen gas is ignited in air. It burns with a faint blue flame to give steam, which will condense on contact with any cold surface to form water.

 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

1. Water boils at 100^oC and freezes at 0^oC
2. It has a maximum density of 1gcm^-3 at 4^oC
3. It is neutral to litmus.

 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. Water reacts with electropositive metals to form alkali and liberate hydrogen gas. E.g

Na_(s)  +  H₂O_(aq)                         NaOH_(aq)  +  H_2(g)

Mg & Zn react with steam

Cu, Au, Ag, Hg do not react with water to form alkaline solution

2. Non-metal like chlorine reacts with water to form acid solution.

H₂0_(aq)  +  Cl_2(g)                             HCl_(aq)  +  HOCl_(aq)

 

TEST FOR WATER

When few drops of water are added to

1. White anhydrous copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI), it turns blue.
2. Blue cobalt (II) chloride, it turns pink.

NOTE: These two tests are not specific for water. They only indicate the presence of water. Any aqueous solution or substance containing water will give a positive test for water.

 

EVALUATION

1. Describe the structure of water.
2. How will you identify a give solution to be water?

 

HARDNESS OF WATER

Hard water is the water that does not form lather readily with soap.

Water acquired hardness when insoluble salts of CaSO₄, MgSO₄ and Ca(HCO₃)₂ dissolves in it from the soil which it flows through.

 

TYPES OF HARDNESS OF WATER

1. Temporary hard water
2. Permanent hard water

 

TEMPORARY HARDNESS: This is caused by the presences of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the form of hydrogen trioxocarbonate IV i.e. Ca(HCO₃)₂

 

REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS

1. Physical method: By boiling

Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq)^heat          CaCO_3(s)   +   H₂O_(l)   +  CO_2(g)

2. Chemical method: By using of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide solution)

Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq)    +   Ca(OH)_2(aq)            2CaCO_3(s)+ 2H₂O_(l)

 

EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS:  It causes

1. Furring of kettles and boilers.
2. Stalagmite and stalactites in caves.

 

PERMANENT HARDNESS

Permanent hardness in water is caused by the presence of Calcium and Magnesium ions in the form of soluble tetraoxosulphate (VI) and chlorides (i.e. CaSO₄, MgSO₄, MgCl₂, CaCl₂)

Removal of permanent hardness: By chemical method only

1. Addition of washing soda

Na₂CO_3(aq)      +    CaSO_4(aq)              CaCO_3(s)    +    Na₂SO_4(aq)

2. Addition of caustic soda

2NaOH_(aq)       +     CaSO_4(aq)             Ca(OH)_2(s)      +   Na₂SO_4(aq)

3. Ion exchange resin

CaSO_4(aq)    + Sodium zeolite              Calcium zeolite + NaSO_4(aq)

(insoluble)

ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

1. It has better taste than soft water.
2. Calcium salts in it helps to build strong teeth and bones.
3. It provides CaCO₃, that crab and snail use to build their shells.
4. It does not dissolvelead, hence it can be supplied in lead pipes.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

1. It causes furring of kettles and boilers.
2. It wastes soap.
3. It cannot be used in dying and tanning.

 

EVALUATION

1. Mention TWO compounds that can cause permanent hardness of water.
2. Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water.

 

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLY

The following are the processes of treating river water for town supply

1. Coagulation:Chemicals like potash alum, KAl(SO₄)₂, or sodium aluminate III, NaAlO₂ is added to water in a large settling tank.
2. Sedimentation: The coagulated solid particles or flocs are allowed to settle in the settling tank to form sediments at the bottom of the tank.
3. Filtration: The water above the sediment still contains some suspended particles. The water is passed through a filter bed to remove the remaining fine dirt particles.
4. Chlorination (Disinfection): Chemicals like chlorine is then added to the water to kill germs. Iodine and fluorine are also added as food supplements to prevent goiter and tooth decay respectively. The treated water is then stored in a reservoir and distributed to the town.

 

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION

1. Mention two compounds that causes permanent hardness in water
2. State two ways of removing permanent hardness in water
3. List two advantages of hard water
4. State Faraday’s second law of electrolysis
5. Using electron dot-cross representation, show the formation of carbon (IV) oxide and name the type of bond formed

READING ASSIGNMENT

New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School by O.Y.Ababio (6^th edition) pages 296-302

 

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A:Write the correct option ONLY

1. Treated town water undergoes the following steps except A. co-agulationB. precipitation C. sedimentation D. chlorination
2. Water is temporarily hard because it contains A. CaSO₄ MgSO₄C. chlorine D.Ca(HCO₃)₂
3. Temporary hardness of water is removed by the use of one of the following A. boiling B. use of use of Ca(OH)₂ use of Na₂CO₃D. use of alum
4. A substance that turns white anhydrous CuSO₄ blue is A. water B.liquid ammonia C. hydrochloric acid D. molten sulphur
5. Distilled water is different from deionized water because A. distilled water is a product of condensed steam while deionized water is filtered laboratory water B. distilled water is always pure and sold in packs while deionized is not packaged for consumption C. distilled water is condensed steam but deionized water is produced using ion-exchange resins which absorbs undesired ions. D. distilled water is man-made while deionized water is both natural and artificial

 

SECTION B

1. State the steps involved in the treatment of river water for town supply.
2. Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water.

 

See also

COMPOUNDS OF SULPHUR -FULL EXPLANATION

SULPHUR | USES, PROPERTIES, GROUP VI ELEMENTS, STRUCRURE, EXTRACTION & ALLOTROPES

COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN | FULL EXPLANATION

NITROGEN | USES, LABORATORY & INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION, PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

CHLORINE AND OTHER HALOGENS